清靜經 陈家豪
花果鳥魚樹
(The Scripture of Constant Purity and Tranquility that is told by Taishang laojun)
《太上老君說常清靜妙經》，簡稱《清靜妙經》，《常清靜經》或《清靜經》，作者不詳。全文很短，不足四百字，分為兩節，後附跋文三則，此處略去不談。從内容文字來看，此經深受大乘佛教的中觀哲學和初唐重玄學的影響，所以其寫作時間應晚於《內觀經》。此外，《歷世真仙體道通鑑》卷三十三又記載着衡岳道士李思慕曾注《清靜經》，並且令它大行於世。李思慕是唐玄宗天寶年間的人，由此可知《清靜經》在盛唐時已很流行。《內觀經》大約出於南北朝末年至初唐這段時間。因此，《清靜經》應該是在初唐中期至盛唐初期這段時間寫成的。
經文假托為太上老君所說，其特點是利用大乘佛教的中觀哲學來解釋老莊哲學和道教仙學，並且對「道」的本質，人欲的害處，內觀的方法，「德」的本質和得道的境界等問題進行探討，從而指引信徒如何安定身心，解脫煩惱生死，悟入重玄境界，證道成仙。經文一開始就指出「道」的本質和特性，亦即是「無形」，「無情」和「無名」。「大道無形」，是指「大道」沒有固定的形相，但它卻能生育天地萬物。「大道無情」，是說「大道」本身沒有情感，對於萬物也沒有好惡之心，但它卻能促使日月運行。「大道無名」，是指「大道」超越一切名相，所以沒有任何言語可以用來指稱它，但它卻能養育萬物，使萬物生長。把它叫作「道」，只是一個勉強的稱呼而已。「道」這一個字是不能完全概括它的本質。《清靜經》的作者繼承了老莊的本體論 (Ontology) 和自然主義 (Naturalism) 思想，把「大道」視作天地萬物的終極本原 (Ultimate reality)。它不但生育了萬物，而且還養育它們，但它並沒有意識和感情。因此，它不會彰顯自己的功德，更不會對萬物產生好惡之心。「道」的一切運行活動都是自然的，這就是老子所說的「道法自然」。經文接着指出，「大道」是一個對立的統一體，因為它本身包含着正反或陰陽兩方面。例如，「道」有清濁，動靜之別。這裡說「道」能包含一切特徵，其實與經文前段所說的道體虛無的意義是相通的。正是因為「道」是「無」，沒有任何特定的特徵，所以才能包容一切特徵。作者特別强調「清靜」這一特性，認為「清靜」是天地萬物的根本。「道」會「降本流末」，那就是從其本原的清靜狀態降為末流的重濁和運動狀態，從而生成萬物。這個宇宙生成理論 (Cosmogony) 告訴我們，「道」的本來狀態是清靜的，但它會在生化萬物的過程中轉化為動態，變得污濁。人若要脫離這種污濁的狀態，就必須回歸到「道」的本來狀態。人如果能够常常使自身清靜，那就可以與天地合一，同歸於「道」：「人能常清靜，天地悉皆歸。」
怎樣做才能使身心清靜呢？經文随即指出，人的身心不能保持清靜是因為心神受到情欲的擾亂和牽累，只有澄心遣欲，才能使心神清靜：「夫人神好清而心擾之，人心好靜而慾牽之。常能遣其慾而心自靜，澄其心而神自清。自然六欲不生，三毒消滅。」澄心遣欲的要訣是一種帶有神秘主義 (Mysticism) 色彩的內觀方法。經文的作者並沒有强調外在權威，例如經書的重要性，而是主張一種以大乘空觀為基礎的內觀方法，要求修道者以「空無」觀想身心境物。首先，人們要內觀於心而遺忘其心，然後再外觀於身而遺忘其身。此外，人們還要遺忘外界之物，把心，身和外物都視為空無。這種內觀之法看上去與莊子的「坐忘」同出一轍：「墮肢體，黜聰明，離形去知，同於大通…」(《大宗師》) 唐代道士司馬承禎 (647-735) 把「坐忘」理解為「内不覺其一身，外不知乎宇宙，與道冥一」(《坐忘論‧敬信》) 的心靈境界。由此觀之，《清靜經》中所說的「內觀」和莊子所說的「坐忘」都强調修練者要通過內觀澄心之法來忘記身心和外境。但是《清靜經》的作者並沒有停滯於此。作為一個唐代道教的重玄學者，他以老莊思想融攝佛教空觀，認為修道者不僅要將身心和外界諸法視作空寂虛無，而且還要把「空」的觀念忘記，因為它只是一個假名，是不應執着的。換言之，修道者應先忘記和遣除執着身心和外境為實有的觀念，進而再將執着「空」的心念遣除，達到既不滯於有，又不滯於「空無」，更不滯於不滯的重玄境界。通過有無雙遣的方法，修道者可以達到「空無所空」，「湛然常寂」的境界，從此遠離一切妄想、欲望、是非和功利，與「道」融為一體。
作者把這種虛寂至極的心靈境界稱為「真静」。它全無欲念，空明澄淨，但卻並非全然不動的定體。李道純認為「真静」這種境界可以分為兩方面。它有不動的真體，亦有能與萬物相感相應的動態，所以它能夠在動而應物之時，還能保持着其真體不動。同樣地，獲得「真静」後的修道者可以在入世應物之時，還能保持着心靈的寂靜虛豁，而不會被外物所眩惑。能達此境界者，就可以悟入真道而得道，成為得道之人。但經文卻告訢我們，得道的境界和之前所說的空無境界一樣，都是假名，是不應執着的。因此，得道者在得道後就應該把得道的境界忘掉，把得道視為「無所得」，從而達到得道而不滯於得道的境界。聖人把這種虛寂的心靈境界稱之為「得道」，只是為了方便教化眾生而已。
經文的第二節主要探討「德」的本質和眾生不能得道的原因。經文的作者把「上士」和「下士」區分開來。「上士」是擁有「上德」的有道之士，他們雖然擁有高尚的「德」，但絕不會自誇其「德」，與人競爭；相反，「下士」是擁有「下德」的無道之人，他們稍有成功就會炫燿其「德」，又喜歡與人爭强。由此觀之，「德」的本質就在於有「德」而不爭强好勝，自炫其「德」。事實上，「德」可以從形而上學和倫理學兩方面來理解。從形而上學的角度來看，「德」的本質和「道」的本質是一致的，「道」通過化生萬物而顯示自己，又把其德性給予萬物，所以「德」是萬物得之於「道」的內在本質、屬性和規律，是「道」在萬物中的具體顯現，同時也是萬物存在的根基。從倫理學的角度來看，「德」是指人的品德行為和功德，人的「德」是他們得之於「道」的內在德性，他們可以通過言行舉止來把「德」表達出來。道家所強調的「德」，是「道」體現於萬物的本質、屬性和規律，它的意義比先秦儒家所說的「德」或道德的意義更為廣泛。人與其它萬物不同，因為人有「心」或思想。人是要通過其「心」才能展現其「德」，然後再通過「德」來展現其「道」，而經文的作者就把這種展現的方式區分為「執德」和「不德」。「執德」是指人刻意地展現其「德」，然後又刻意地通過「德」來展現其「道」。這種人就是擁有「下德」的「下士」；而「不德」則是指人自然而然地展現其「德」，然後又自然而然地通過「德」來展現其「道」。作者把這種人視為擁有「上德」的「上士」。
經文的第一段指出，「大道」無情，所以無爭。它的「德」在於它能生育萬物，但又絕不會自炫其「德」。經文的第二節承接上文，指出「道」與「德」有共同的特性，修道者若想要與大道合一，就必須遵從其「德」的德性，使自己的思想行為完全合乎「道」的本質和運作。「大道」無爭，所以人也要無爭。「大道」有「德」而不自炫其「德」，所以有「德」之人也不應自炫其「德」。整體來說，修道者若要達到與「道」同體的境界，不僅不必向外追求，而且要把一切從外界得到的知識全部忘掉，然後再忘掉身心和外界境物，最後連遺忘本身也要遺忘。通過這種內觀之法，修道者可以啟發其内在德性，並且依靠它來達到無知無欲，有無雙遣的超越境界。所謂超越，並非指修道者要久居深山之中，不問世事，而是指心靈境界的内在超越。能够達到這種超越境界的人就是「上士」或擁有「上德」之人，他們可以入世教化和拯救眾生，但卻不會被世俗之事所累，並且能做到有大德而不爭强逐勝，炫耀其「德」。相反，喜歡執着「德」的人是「下士」，他們根本不明白「德」的真諦。
經文第二節的第二部份主要探討世人不能得道的根本原因是因為他們心存「妄心」，那是一顆充滿妄見的心，同時也是一顆不受控制或約束的心。「妄心」會驚動人的精神，使人執着，貪戀和追求外物而不知止足，從而生出無限煩惱和妄想。煩惱和妄想會使人身心憂慮痛苦，繼而遭受生死輪廻之苦，永遠失去真道。經文最後指出，只有能覺悟得道之人才能够入世而不為世所累，永遠保持着清靜的心靈境界。
這篇經文雖然以宣揚老莊的清靜無為思想為主，但同時亦深受佛教的影響。例如，作者所提到的「三毒」、「妄心」、「苦海」和生死輪廻都是佛教的流行用語。此外，《清靜經》雖然很短，但它不但文字簡練優美，而且還概括了老莊思想的精髓，例如道家以「道」為主的本體論和宇宙生成論，內觀法，「德」的本質和禁欲主義。它對後世道教思想的發展有很大的影響，後來全真教規定以誦習此經為道士每日必修的功課之一。
原文:
(1)
老君曰：大道無形，生育天地。大道無情，運行日月。大道無名，長養萬物。吾不知其名，強名曰：「 道。」夫道者，有清有濁，有動有靜。天清地濁，天動地靜，男清女濁，男動女靜。降本流末，而生萬物。清者濁之源。動者靜之基。(此句應改作「靜者動之基」。) 人能常清靜，天地悉皆歸。夫人神好清而心擾之，人心好靜而慾牽之。常能遣其慾而心自靜，澄其心而神自清。自然六欲不生，三毒消滅。所以不能者，惟心未澄，欲未遣也。能遣之者，內觀於心 (李道純注本作「內觀其心」)，心無其心。外觀於形 (李道純注本作「外觀其形」)，形無其形。遠觀於物 (李道純注本作「遠觀其物」)，物無其物。三者既悟，惟見於空。觀空以空 (李道純注本作「觀空亦空」)，空無所空。所空既無，無無亦無。無無既無，湛然常寂。寂無所寂，欲豈能生？欲既不生，即是真靜。真靜應物 (李道純注本作「真常應物」)，真常得性。常應常靜，常清靜矣。如此清靜，漸入真道。既入真道，名為得道。雖名得道，實無所得。為化眾生，名為得道。能悟之者，可傳聖道。
(2)
老君曰：上士無爭，下士好爭。上德不德，下德執德。執著之者，不明道德。眾生所以不得真道者，惟有妄心。既有妄心，即驚其神。既驚其神，即著萬物。既著萬物，即生貪求。既生貪求，即是煩惱。煩惱妄想，憂苦身心，便遭濁辱，流浪生死。常沉苦海，永失真道。真常之道，悟者自得。得悟道者，常清靜矣。
(以《道藏》白文本為底本，用李道純注本参校)
Translation
老君曰：大道無形，生育天地。
Laojun said: The Great Dao or Way is formless, yet it generates heaven and earth.
大道無情，運行日月。
The Great Dao has no feelings, yet it regulates the operation of the sun and the moon.
大道無名，長養萬物。
The Great Dao is nameless, yet it raises and nourishes all things.
吾不知其名，強名曰：「 道。」
I do not know its name, so I grudgingly name it as the Dao.
夫道者，有清有濁，有動有靜。
The Dao harbors within itself the attributes of purity, turbidity, movement and tranquility.
天清地濁，天動地靜，男清女濁，男動女靜。
Heaven is pure and the earth is turbid. Heaven is moving and the earth is tranquil. The male is pure and the female is turbid. The male is moving and the female is tranquil.
降本流末，而生萬物。
The Dao descends and transforms itself from the origin toward the end in order to generate the myriad things.
清者濁之源。動者靜之基。(此句應改作「靜者動之基」。)
Purity is the original source of turbidity. Movement is the substratum of tranquility. (This should be read as “Tranquility is the substratum of movement.”)
人能常清靜，天地悉皆歸。
If people can be tranquil constantly, they can achieve union with heaven and earth and then return to the Dao.
夫人神好清而心擾之，人心好靜而慾牽之。
The human spirit likes purity, but it is disturbed by the uncontrolled heart-mind.
The human mind loves tranquility, but it is led astray by desires.
常能遣其慾而心自靜，澄其心而神自清。
Constant elimination of desires will lead to the tranquility of mind, and the constant cleaning of the heart-mind will lead to the purity of spirit.
自然六欲不生，三毒消滅。
As a result, the six desires will not arise naturally, and the three poisons (the three unwholesome mental states of greed, hatred, and delusion) will also be destroyed.
所以不能者，惟心未澄，欲未遣也。
Whoever fails to do this is because he is unable to clean his mind and eliminate his desires.
能遣之者，內觀於心 (李道純注本作「內觀其心」)，心無其心。
Those who have successfully eliminated their desires can proceed to observe their minds through introspection and realize that there is actually no mind.
外觀於形 (李道純注本作「外觀其形」)，形無其形。
Then they observe their bodies from without and realize that there is actually no body.
遠觀於物 (李道純注本作「遠觀其物」)，物無其物。
Then they observe the external phenomena by glancing out afar and realize that all external things do not exist.
三者既悟，惟見於空。
Once they have understood these three truths, they can observe emptiness.
觀空以空 (李道純注本作「觀空亦空」)，空無所空。
They observe emptiness from the standpoint of emptiness and realize that emptiness is also empty, and then they realize that there is no emptiness that can be emptied anymore.
所空既無，無無亦無。
When emptiness becomes nothing, the nothingness of nothingness should also be reduced to nothing..
無無既無，湛然常寂。
Without the attachment to the existence of the nothingness of nothingness, they can achieve a profound state of constant tranquility.
寂無所寂，欲豈能生？
Once the state of tranquility reaches its limit, how can desires arise?
欲既不生，即是真靜。
Without the rising of desires, you can achieve true tranquility.
真靜應物 (李道純注本作「真常應物」)，真常得性。
With true tranquility you can go along with all things. With true permanence you can realize your inner Daoist nature.
常應常靜，常清靜矣。
You can go along with all things constantly, and you can be tranquil forever. In this way, purity and tranquility will be permanent.
如此清靜，漸入真道。
Within such a pure and tranquil state, you will gradually enter the true Dao.
既入真道，名為得道。
Since you have entered into the true Dao, you can be regarded as having acquired the Dao.
雖名得道，實無所得。
Although we name this stage as the attainment of the Dao, we actually acquire nothing.
為化眾生，名為得道。
In order to teach and transform the sentimental beings easily, we name this stage as the attainment of the Dao.
能悟之者，可傳聖道。
Those who can realize this teaching are worthy to transmit the holy path.
老君曰：上士無爭，下士好爭。
Laojun said: The highest gentleman does not compete with others, yet the lesser gentleman loves to compete with others.
上德不德，下德執德。
Those who possess the highest virtue do not flaunt their virtue, whereas those who possess the lesser virtue cling to their virtue.
執著之者，不明道德。
Those who cling and attach to virtue do not understand the true meaning and nature of virtue.
眾生所以不得真道者，惟有妄心。
Living beings fail to acquire the true Dao because they are affected by their deviant and uncontrolled minds.
既有妄心，即驚其神。
Since they possess the deviant and uncontrolled minds, their spirit is startled.
既驚其神，即著萬物。
Since their spirit is startled, they start to cling to the myriad things.
既著萬物， 即生貪求。
Since they cling to the myriad things, they desire to own them.
既生貪求，即是煩惱。
Since covetousness generates within them, they are troubled by vexation.
煩惱妄想，憂苦身心，便遭濁辱，流浪生死。
Vexation and deviant thought will trouble and pester our bodies and minds. They will cause us to fall into turbidity and shame, and then we will be trapped in the cycle of birth and death.
常沉苦海，永失真道。
Drowning in the sea of suffering eternally, we will lose the true Dao forever.
真常之道，悟者自得。
The true and permanent Dao can only be acquired by those who have reached enlightenment.
得悟道者，常清靜矣。
Those who have acquired the Dao and attained enlightenment will rest forever in a state of purity and tranquility.
Bibliography
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English Sources:
Ching, Julia. Mysticism and Kingship in China Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.
Kohn, Livia. Early Chinese Mysticism Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992.
---. The Taoist Experience: An Anthology. Albany: State U of New York P, 1993.
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Consciousness New York: Dover, 2002.
26 Things To Remember
If You Want To Be
Truly Happy
26 Things To Remember If You Want To Be Truly Happy
COMMUNICATION BY MARZENA BIELECKA
If you’ve asked yourself how to become a happier person, this is already a very good sign. Happiness is not something that happens to us by chance. Being happy is an achievable and learnable skill, which requires constant work on your attitude and depends on how you interpret your life situation. Happiness is largely a matter of choice. And it is probably the smartest life choice you can make. Recent studies show that happy people are 35% less likely to die early than unhappy ones!
So, what do you need to remember if you want to be truly happy?
1. Never dwell on the past
“Learn to appreciate what you have before time makes you appreciate what you had.” – Unknown
Your past is just a story. Everyone has a past – often full of pain, disappointment, missed opportunities, and unfulfilled expectations. No matter what your past looks like, it’s just a story – so don’t let it influence you. Make the present meaningful.
2. Never focus on what’s missing; look at what you actually have.
“Happiness is not having what you want. It is appreciating what you have.”- Unknown
Be grateful for what you have. You could waste hours counting the things you would like to improve, which would only take you away from appreciating your real life. Gratitude puts situations into perspective and rewires your mind toward a positive direction.
3. Never underestimate quality time with yourself.
“Focus on loving yourself instead of loving the idea of other people loving you.” – Unknown
Don’t confuse happiness with excitement; a lasting joy of life grows when your mind is in peace. Making time for yourself is as important as devoting time to your everyday duties. Regular meditation, sport, contact with nature, and quality (offline) time spent reading will help you reconnect with yourself and hear your intuition again.
4. Never stop improving yourself.
“Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever”. – Mahatma Gandhi
We are all different, and there is no perfect direction or path to our personal evolution. The whole point is to become the best version of YOU, and never stop taking lessons from your own life experiences.
5. Never be too harsh on yourself.
“Be gentle with yourself. You’re doing the best you can.“ – Unknown
Many of us are our own hardest critics, constantly diminishing every success. Accept that you will never be ideal – and see this as okay. In the process of self-development, embracing your own vulnerabilities has been scientifically proven to be a key component of happiness.
6. Never lose a sense of purpose in what you are doing.
“What you do today is important, because you are exchanging a day of your life for it.” – Unknown
Your time and life power are limited, so spend them wisely and target your energy towards something meaningful. Finding a purpose helps you live a bigger life.
7. Never treat your body badly.
“Your body is precious. It is your vehicle for awakening. Treat it with care.” – Buddha
A truly happy soul can only live in a healthy body. Your body will “send you a bill” for the trash you’ve eaten, the sports classes you’ve skipped, your long nights of partying, and your long hours of stressful work. Treat your body as your biggest investment; it will have to serve you your entire life.
8. Never value material things more than experiences.
“Your actions are your only true belongings.” – Allan Lokos
Experiences bring people more happiness than possessions, which never keep you satisfied. Experiences will last in your head forever, nourish your mind, and become a memory which will light up your face with a smile on a bad day.
9. Never compare yourself to other people.
“True happiness is when you are living your life without waiting for anyone’s approval.”- Unknown
Everyone lives life at a different pace, which makes us each special and beautiful. The sooner you embrace your uniqueness and the differences between you and other people, the happier you will be. Surround yourself with people who appreciate you for who you really are without trying to change you or reframe you.
10. Never let your bad thoughts grow.
“The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts” – Marcus Aurelius
Being judgmental, jealous, or angry will at some point turn against you. A bad thought can trigger bad speech, just as bad words provoke bad actions. Don’t let your mind initiate anything you’d be ashamed of later.
11. Never fear to embrace change.
“You can’t start the next chapter of your life if you keep re-reading the last one.”- Unknown
As you accept the laws which change our life, our bodies, and the way we evolve, you will see the unique beauty of every moment in life with all its natural flow. Be open to new opportunities and humbly accept changes you can’t influence.
12. Never blame others for your own failures.
“Don’t look for someone who will solve all your problems. Look for someone who won’t let you face them alone.” – Unknown
Be responsible for your actions and their outcomes. Taking responsibility gives you a sense of power over your life; blaming your life on circumstances can make you feel powerless.
13. Never tame your curiosity.
“If you do nothing unexpected, nothing unexpected happens.” – Fay Weldom
Be curious and ask a lot of questions. Travel, observe, read, watch, and talk with smart people to open your mind and explore the world. Inquisitive thinking and a passion for exploring will nourish your mind.
14. Never stop being mindful.
“Don’t wait for the perfect moment. Take the moment and make it perfect” – Unknown
Learn to mindfully observe, smell, hear, and fully appreciate every minute of your life. Those who can’t conscientiously notice and appreciate the present moment aren’t able to be fully happy.
15. Never forget about your loved ones.
“The only way to have a friend is to be one.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson
Care about those who are happy to see you succeed in life and support you in difficult times. Avoid harsh critiques and make sure these people know how glad you are that they’re a part of your life.
16. Never worry about the things you cannot influence.
“Worry is a total waste of time. It doesn’t change anything. All is does it steal your joy and keep you very busy doing nothing.”- Unknown
How many times has a situation you’ve worried about not come true? Worrying about things you can’t influence is a waste of time and makes you feel unnecessarily miserable.
17. Never attach happiness to something in the future.
“Think of all the beauty that is still left in and around you and be happy.” – Anne Frank
Many people live like they’re waiting for something – to find a perfect love partner, to get promoted, or to retire with a good pension. Don’t postpone your happiness to a moment in the future; life is all about enjoying the journey.
18. Never stop meeting new people.
“People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges.” – Joseph F Newton
Surrounding yourself with happy people makes you happier. Meeting new people nowadays is easy, due to open lifestyles, new technologies, internet forums, popular mobile apps. It would be a waste to not make the most of this opportunity. Even people who enter your life for a short time can teach you important lessons and make your life more colorful.
19. Never let your ego win.
“Compassion is not a relationship between the healer and the wounded. It’s a relationship between equals.”- Pema Chodron
Acting with anger and following your insecurities can only complicate your life situation. Instead, act with compassion and humility towards others. Showing maturity will make your relations with others more joyful and fulfilling.
20. Never voluntary harm.
“A man cannot be comfortable without his own approval.” – Mark Twain
Every choice you make, every word you say, and every purchase you make impacts someone’s life. Choose to be a good person.
21. Never stop living life to the fullest.
“Hug harder. Laugh louder. Smile bigger. Love longer.” – Unknown
Live intensely. Do what you want and enjoy it with all your senses. Start working on fulfilling your dreams as soon as possible. “Hug harder. Laugh louder. Smile bigger. Love longer.”
22. Never forget to smile.
“Use your smile to change the world; don’t let the world change your smile.” – Unknown
You don’t know what the person in front of you is going through. Be kind to others and share your smiles and positive words. Isn’t it amazing to make someone’s day a little better in such a simple way?
23. Never be afraid to completely change your life.
“If you’re still looking for that one person who will change your life, take a look in the mirror.” – Roman Price
It is never too late to completely change your life and make it more meaningful. Let your mind be free and surprise you from time to time. Go with the flow and open yourself up to different possibilities.
24. Never be afraid of being alone.
“If you make friends with yourself you will never be alone.” – Maxwell Maltz
Don’t be afraid of being alone. Happiness is internal, and you don’t need anyone or anything to be happy. Learn to have fun on your own: walk, travel, eat good food, etc. Being alone doesn’t mean to you have to be lonely. Look at monks for example – being happy in solitude is a virtue.
25. Never stop organizing your own happiness.
“Confidence is preparation. Everything else is beyond your control.” – Richard Kline
Happiness appears where dreams meet preparation. Make a conscious everyday effort to shape yourself and your life the way you want.
26. Never stop loving.
“Love as much as you can from wherever you are.” – Thaddeus Golas
True love doesn’t lose value over time; it multiplies and comes back to you the more you give it away. The meaning of our whole existence would be much simpler if love meant only romantic love. Love everyone who you think deserves and needs your love. Love the Earth and the people who have helped you become who you are. Love your own life.
Featured photo credit: Pexels via static.pexels.com
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Marzena Bielecka
Marzena Bielecka is a Berlin-based writer and travel addict. She has visited over 50 countries and traveled thousands of kilometers just to see how people live there. During her free time, she likes to lie on the grass and look up at the sky. She also writes for Wingman Magazine.
