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HOW TO HAVE A BEAUTIFUL MIND (by EDWARD DE BONO)

The Full Story

1.正向心理學之積極人生計劃實務手冊

同時，亦需要個. 人民主、健康管理和自我反省的智慧。 ...

正向心理學中正面的情緒包括快樂

( Happiness)、享受 (Enjoyment)、喜. 悅 (Pleasure )等 ...

By CityU

Powerpoint (total 91 pages)

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Studies Show That People

Who Buy Experiences,

Not Things, Are Happier

COMMUNICATION HAPPINESS BY NICHOLAS GARCIA

Let’s say that you recently came into a bit of money. What would you do with it? Would you rather buy a bunch of high quality gadgets and products, or go on an expensive vacation to a unique and exciting locale?

Personally, I’ve wavered between the two. I like my gadgets more than most, so I’ve probably spent more on electronics than your average person. That said, I’ve been on trips taking me all across the United States, and I definitely think I am better off for it.

Luckily, the question of whether to spend your money on products or experiences has been answered by science, and thus you’ll no longer have to worry about whether you should choose one over the other in the future. So what is the verdict? According to San Francisco State University, people are far more satisfied when they purchase experiences, than they are when they buy material objects.

And yet, most people, including myself, are prone to spending our hard earned money on things like clothes, shoes, gadgets, jewelry, cars, and the like. We do this because these things are tangible: we can hold them, use them, etc. When we buy experiences, all we have are the memories, and thus, it seems like we’re getting less out of our purchase.

What that study reveals, however, is that in the long run, we cherish our memories and experiences far more than the things that we buy. And it makes sense. Decades from now, will you remember your cross country trip that took you to the Grand Canyon, or that Xbox you waited in line for all night? Probably the former.

Let’s break it down into simpler points. Why exactly are people who buy experiences, rather than objects, happier?

1. They have plenty of memories to fall back on.

Professor Thomas Gilovich out of Cornell made a point of saying that while new things are “exciting to us at first,” they quickly become blasé as time passes. Soon enough, they’re a mundane part of our daily existence that adds little if anything to the amount of joy we feel on a daily basis.

We’ve all felt this with our smartphone purchases. For the first few weeks, they’re so amazing that you just can’t stop using them. You do everything on them: text, e-mail, web browsing, e-reading, and more. In about a month, though, you get used to it. You start treating it like a “thing,” rather than something that actively brings you happiness.

I’ve often asked myself why so many people have smartphones with cracked screens. Is it because so many folks are simply that clumsy? After doing the research for this article, I’d have to say no. It’s because people stop seeing their smartphone as “valuable” over time, and thus, they’ll treat what was once an expensive purchase with the kind of reckless abandon that leads to drops, scratches, and inevitably, cracks.

Those who spend the majority of their income on experiences, however, don’t have this problem. While they may not have the latest smartphone, they are likely more well-traveled, and thus have far more life experience. While others need to keep buying new products to keep their spirits up, those who buy experiences can always fall back on their good memories when they need to. It’s much like comparing a sugar rush to a good nap. One is more instantaneous, but the other has more lasting benefits.

2. They reap the long-term benefits.

With over 79 million millenials in the United States (three million more than the amount of Baby Boomers), we are bound to change the way that things work.

One part of this comes from the fact that we’ve grown up during an economic recession. As such, we haven’t had the luxury of being able to spend what little money we have on objects with fleeting value. Instead, we’ve been focusing on long-term investments like higher education and travel.

Indeed, when I was in college, I noticed how many of my peers chose to save their money for traveling abroad, or to make student loan payments, rather than splurge on alcohol or other purchases typical of young adults.

Not only does this save resources in the long run, but it allows us to forge an identity in a world where it’s becoming harder and harder to find one’s place. And doing so, according to researchers, is a crucial aspect of growing up in today’s world.

3. They share their experiences with others.

As introverted as I am, I must still admit that I am happier when I have a bit of social interaction now and then. Additionally, conversing with others is always more fun when you get to recount some kind of unique experience to them. Indeed, Peter Caprariello and Harry Reis examined this phenomenon in a 2013 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. What it found, essentially, was that experiences make us happier because we get to share our memories with others. Buying objects leaves us feeling more hollow because they are normally things that we use by ourselves.

It’s probably why, in one study, researchers found that those anticipating an experience (like waiting in line to see a play), rather than the purchase of an object (like waiting in line to buy an iPhone), were found to be much happier. It’s because they knew they were going to experience something that they could share with other people. Something that will help them connect with others in a particularly unique manner. As nice as a new iPhone is, in the end, it’s just one smartphone in what’s likely to be a long line of smartphone purchases in your lifetime.

This kind of happiness-related research is already having a major effect. Indeed, you can find several articles (like this one) detailing the lives of those who traded in their material-based lifestyle for one centered around things that are more substantial, such as travel and education.

While it’s obviously impossible to completely stop buying material objects, we can stop basing our happiness in terms of how many nice things we own. As these studies show, what truly brings us enjoyment and fulfillment in the end are our experiences, and the resulting memories that we get to share with our family and friends.

Featured photo credit: Couple/Mo Riza via flic.kr

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反省心理学的“四大意识流”理论

揭示了人脑的意识是如何思维的

反省心理学的“四大意识流”理论揭示了人脑的意识是如何思维的

反省心理學:反省心理學派成立於2007年，由中國學者杜向陽先生創立，是世 -百科知識中文網

“反省心理學”的創新 - 雪花新聞

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精神疾病診斷與統計手冊 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

神经症(neurosis、psychoneurosis或neurotic disorder)，中华人民共和国譯作神经症，台湾、新加坡、港、澳、馬來西亞都譯作精神官能症，在广泛的意义上可以指任何引起沮丧的精神失衡。神经症属於功能性心理障碍（functional mental disorder）的一类，病人有痛苦（distress）的感觉但不包括妄想与幻觉與幻聽，其行为也不会让人在社会上难以接受。[1]不像精神病或者人格违常，神经症并不影响或者阻碍正常的思考。在西方，「神经症」是一个在精神分析领域裡常常提及的术语，而在精神医学里已经废止不再使用。而在《中國精神疾病分類方案與診斷標準》第三版（CCMD-III）中，则把神经症定义为一种具体的精神疾病，并将其分为焦虑症、恐惧症、神经衰弱、身心症（somatoform disorder）、强迫症、其他或待分类的神经症等六个亚型。

由来与术语的使用

编辑

「神经症」一词是由苏格兰医师William Cullin於西元1769年所创，其定义为：「由於『神经系统的一般疾病』造成『感官与运动的障碍』。」对他而言，这句话描述了不同的神经失调与症状不能以生理学的方式解释。Neurosis一字是由希腊字neuron（神经元）与子尾-osis（疾病或不正常情况）

美国的《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（DSM）已移除了神经症这个分类，反映了编者决定提供患病时行为的描述，而不是隐性的心理机制作为诊断准则。[2] 且根据《美国遗产医学字典》（American Heritage Medical Dictionary），神经症「已不再使用於精神疾病诊断。」[3] 这些在《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》的改变曾经引起很大的争论。 [4]

考虑神经症的心理分析

编辑

作为疾病的一种，神经症表现多种的精神障碍，其中情绪痛苦或潜意识的冲突会经由许多身体上的、生理学上的与精神上的障碍表现出来，这可能包括身体症状（例如歇斯底里）。最明确的症状是焦虑。神经症倾向是常见的，且患者可能注意到他们自己有忧郁症、急性或慢性的焦虑、强迫症倾向、恐惧症，甚至有人格违常，例如像边缘性人格违常（borderline personality disorder）或强迫性人格障碍（obsessive-compulsive personality disorder）。它或许更被简化地定义为：「难以适应自己环境的，没有能力改变自己的生活形态，且没有能力发展出更丰富、更复杂、更令人满意的人格。」[5] 神经症不该被误解为精神错乱（psychosis），这是指与现实脱节的病症，或误解为神经过敏症（Neuroticism），一种根据心理学理论定义的基础人格特质（Trait theory）。

根据精神分析学理论，神经症也许深植於自我的心理防卫机制，但这两个概念并非同义。心理防卫机制是发展与维持一致自我意识的一般方式（也就是指「自我」），而只有这些想法与行为模式对生活产生了困扰时才应该被称为神经症。

森田疗法对神经症的解释：森田疗法认为神经症患者和正常人一样。正因为他们总是把该专注于外部的力量投射到内心，不断内化，过分的关注内在情绪，才导致神经症的发生。若遵循森田的疗法彻底接纳，不要抱着先痊愈后生活的念头，做到为所当为带着症状做事，对症状不对抗不在意，逐渐打破精神交互的怪圈。这样就会慢慢忘记自己的症状，从而达到治愈效果。

影响与症状

编辑

有许多不同特定类型的神经症：纵火癖（pyromania）、强迫症、焦虑症（anxiety neurosis）、歇斯底里（其中焦虑会藉由身体症状表现出来），与无数多的恐惧症种类。根据Dr. George Boeree的说法，神经症的影响包括：

焦虑、难过或重郁症、生气、易怒、精神混乱（mental confusion），自我价值感低，等等…。某些行为症状如：恐惧症、逃避、失眠、冲动与强迫的行为、无精打采，等等…。某些认知问题像是：不愉快或令人不安的想法、重覆发生且摆脱不了的想法（强迫症）、习惯性地幻想、消极且憤世嫉俗（cynicism，又称犬儒主义），等等…。人际关系方面，神经症造成的影响有依赖、侵犯性、完美主义（Perfectionism）、精神分裂性孤立（schizoid isolation）、对社会文化不恰当的行为（socio-culturally inappropriate behaviors），等…。[5]

而在《中國精神疾病分類方案與診斷標準》第三版中对神经症的定义为：「神经症是一组主要表现为焦虑、抑郁、恐惧、强迫、疑病症状，或神经衰弱症状的精神障碍。本障碍有一定人格基础，起病常受心理社会（环境）因素影响。症状没有可证实的器质性病变作基础，与病人的现实处境不相称，但病人对存在的症状感到痛苦和无能为力，自知力完整或基本完整，病程多迁延。各种神经症性症状或其组合可见於感染、中毒、内脏、内分泌或代谢和脑器质性疾病，称神经症样综合徵。」

12 Rules for Life - Wikipedia

Annihilationism - Simple English Wikipedia

In Christianity, annihilationism is the belief that those who are wicked will perish or cease to exist. It states that after the final judgment, all unsaved human beings, all fallen angels and Satan himself will be totally destroyed so as to not exist, or that their consciousness will be extinguished rather than suffer everlasting torment in hell.

Universalism

1 Christian Theology the belief that all humankind will eventually be saved: Christian universalism would insist that Christ's atonement did atone for everyone's sins.

2 loyalty to and concern for others without regard to national or other allegiances: a tendency towards universalism and inclusion.

生命的意義 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

「生命的意義是什麼？」

很多人都曾在人生的某些階段思考這個難以解答的問題，其中絕大部分人是在思考「生命有何目的？」這個問題。

下列是部分較為流行的答案：